| 翻訳と辞書 |
Ho people
The Ho people are a tribe of people belonging to the Indian state of Jharkhand.
They are the fourth most numerous scheduled tribe in Jharkhand after Santals, Oraons, and Mundas, and constitute around 10.5 percent of the total population of the Scheduled Tribes, numbering around 700,000 (total in the state) in the 2001 census. Although not mentioned in the census highlights Odisha or West Bengal small groups could be present, as the territory they inhabit in Jharkhand borders these two states. According to an American publication, total number of people speaking the Ho language was 1,077,000 in 1997. There were 200,000 people speaking the language in Orissa.
==History==
Starting from the period between the 9th and 12th centuries, copper was smelted in many parts of old Singhbhum district. It is believed that many immigrants entered Singhbhum from Manbhum in the 14th century or earlier. When the Hos entered old Singhbhum, they overcame the Bhuiyas, who were then inhabitants of the forest country. In the latter half of the eighteenth century, the Hos fought several wars against the Rajas of Chota Nagpur and Mayurbhanj to retain their independence. As far as is known, the Muslims left them alone.〔Houlton, Sir John, ''Bihar: The Heart of India'', 1949, pp. 132, 138-139, 166-169, Orient Longmans, Kolkata.〕 Although the area was formally claimed to be a part of the Mughal Empire, neither the Mughals nor the Marathas, who were active in the surrounding areas during the decline of the Mughals, ventured into the area.〔Prasad, Hem Chandra, ''Bihar'', 1983/2003, pp. 36, 67, 159, 162, 184, National Book Trust, New Delhi, ISBN 81-237-0151-9〕
In 1765, Chota Nagpur was ceded to the British East India Company as part of Bengal, Bihar and Odisha. The Raja of Singhbhum asked the British Resident at Midnapore for protection in 1767 but it was not until 1820 that he acknowledged himself as a feudatory of the British. The restless Hos broke the agreement soon and took part in the fierce rebellion of 1831-33, along with the Mundas.〔 The immediate cause of the Kol uprising in 1831-32 was the oppression of Adivsis by non-Adivasi ''thikadars'' (literally meaning contractors) or farmers of rent. The Hos and Mundas were joined by the Oraons and the houses of many ''dikku'' (non-Adivasis or outsiders) landlords were burnt and a number of people were killed.〔 It compelled the British to recognise a thorough subjugation of the Hos.〔 The uprising was suppressed with a good deal of trouble by Captain Wilkinson, who had several hundred troops at his disposal.〔 While local troops quelled the uprising, another group under Colonel Richards entered Singhbhum in November 1836. Within three months all the headmen surrendered. In 1857, the Raja of Porahat rose in rebellion and a sizeable section of the Hos joined in the revolt. Troops were sent and that put an end to the disturbances in 1859.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
■ウィキペディアで「Ho people」の詳細全文を読む
スポンサード リンク
| 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース |
Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.
|
|